Relationship between family functioning and food consumption during a health and social crisis: A COVID-19 study in Chile

The COVID-19 pandemic and government measures have challenged family functioning (FF) and eating behaviors. In non-pandemic scenarios, FF has shown a protective role in diet quality. This study aimed to explore the role of FF in family members' food consumption during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. We conducted a cross-sectional, non-probabilistic study. Chilean adults (n= 821) answered an online survey based on the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES) IV and a scale of food intake perceptions (non-processed and processed food). The survey also included an open space for comments (n= 147). Most participants had a medium or high FF category. Participants with higher FF had a lower risk of decreasing the consumption of non-processed foods (RR= 0.58 for fruits and RR= 0.45 for legumes) and lower risk of increasing processed foods (RR= 0.37 for sugar-sweetened beverages, RR= 0.46 for snacks, and RR= 0.64 for chocolates) when compared to lower FF participants and controlling for per-capita income. Participants commented on changes in FF: some had more conflicts and others were happy to be together during the pandemic. Most participants indicated that they maintained or increased non-processed and processed food consumption compared to the pre-pandemic period. They perceived having the opportunity of eating healthier during the pandemic. However, the stress they suffered produced them to eat unhealthily. Therefore, FF had a protective role in diet quality during the pandemic. Policymakers should consider FF when promoting healthy diets, especially in health crises.

La pandemia por COVID-19 y las medidas gubernamentales han desafiado el funcionamiento familiar (FF) y los hábitos alimentarios. En escenarios no pandémicos, el FF ha demostrado un papel protector en la calidad de la dieta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar el papel del FF en el consumo de alimentos de los miembros de la familia durante la primera ola de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Chile. Realizamos un estudio transversal, no probabilístico. Adultos chilenos (n= 821) respondieron una encuesta online basada en la Escala de Evaluación de Cohesión y Adaptabilidad Familiar (FACES) IV y una escala de percepción de consumo de alimentos (alimentos no procesados y procesados). La encuesta también incluyó un espacio abierto para comentarios (n= 147). La mayoría de los participantes tenían una categoría de FF medio o FF alto. Los participantes con mayor FF tenían un menor riesgo de disminuir el consumo de alimentos no procesados (RR= 0,58 para frutas y RR= 0,45 para legumbres) y menor riesgo de aumentar los alimentos procesados (RR= 0,37 para bebidas azucaradas, RR= 0,46 para snacks, y RR= 0,64 para chocolates) en comparación con los participantes de FF más bajos y controlando por ingreso per cápita. Los participantes comentaron cambios en sus FF y teniendo más conflictos, aunque algunos estaban felices de estar juntos durante la pandemia. La mayoría de los participantes indicaron que mantuvieron o aumentaron los alimentos procesados y no procesados en comparación con el período pre-pandemia. Ellos percibieron tener la oportunidad de comer más sano. Sin embargo, el estrés que sufrían les producía comer menos saludable. La FF tuvo un papel protector en la calidad de la dieta durante la pandemia. Quienes formulen políticas públicas deben considerar la AF cuando promuevan dietas saludables, especialmente en crisis de salud.

Participación social en la atención primaria en salud: tensiones y contradicciones / Social participation in primary health care: Tensions and contradictions

OBJETIVO: Explorar las perspectivas de tomadores de decisiones y miembros de la comunidad en atención primaria en salud (APS) en torno a la conceptualización de la participación social (PS). DISEÑO: Estudio transversal de carácter exploratorio con metodología cualitativas. Emplazamiento: Centros de Salud de la Región Metropolitana (RM), Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTES: Ocho informantes del nivel directivo (grupo 1), 13 del nivel de ejecución en APS (grupo 2) y 28 miembros de la comunidad y cuatro agentes comunitarios de salud (grupo 3). MÉTODO: Se realizaron entrevistas y grupos de discusión, que fueron grabados y transcritos. La organización y análisis se realizó con Atlas.ti 8.1. Las narrativas fueron sistematizadas mediante un análisis temático. Se codificó la totalidad de los documentos a través de reuniones periódicas para revisar los códigos existentes y para discutir la inclusión de nuevos códigos. RESULTADOS: El grupo 1 remite concepciones más teóricas acerca de la PS. El grupo 2 expresa dimensiones más concretas y operativas. El grupo 3 indica que la PS se encarna en experiencias particulares, vividas cercanamente por quienes las relatan. Los grupos 1 y 3 poseen más de una noción de la participación social en salud. CONCLUSIONES: Predomina transversalmente una concepción institucional de la participación, arraigada desde la década de 1990. En el nivel de la comunidad, las narrativas adquieren la forma de prácticas colectivas vividas en torno al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida comunitaria mediadas por el nivel de ejecución

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perspectives of the decision makers and community members in primary health care (PHC) around the conceptualization of social participation (PS). DESIGN: An exploratory cross-sectional study with qualitative methodology. LOCATION: Health Centers of the Metropolitan Region (RM), Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Eight informants from the management level (group 1), 13 from execution level in PHC (group 2), 28 community members and four community agents of health (group 3). METHOD: Interviews and discussion groups were conducted, which were recorded and transcribed. The organization and analysis of the data was done with Atlas.ti 8.1. The narratives were systematized using a thematic analysis. All the documents were codified, and we hold periodic meetings to review the existing codes, as well as discussing the inclusion of new codes. RESULTS: Group 1 refers to a more theoretical conception of PS. Group 2 expresses more concrete and operative dimensions. Group 3 indicates that PS is embodied in particular personal experiences. Groups 1 and 3 have more than one notion of social participation in health. CONCLUSIONS: An institutional conception of participation prevails transversally, rooted since the 1990s. At the community level, the narratives take the form of collective practices lived around the improvement of the quality of community life mediated by the level of execution

[Social participation in primary health care: Tensions and contradictions]. / Participación social en la atención primaria en salud: tensiones y contradicciones.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perspectives of the decision makers and community members in primary health care (PHC) around the conceptualization of social participation (PS). DESIGN: An exploratory cross-sectional study with qualitative methodology. LOCATION: Health Centers of the Metropolitan Region (RM), Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Eight informants from the management level (group 1), 13 from execution level in PHC (group 2), 28 community members and four community agents of health (group 3). METHOD: Interviews and discussion groups were conducted, which were recorded and transcribed. The organization and analysis of the data was done with Atlas.ti 8.1. The narratives were systematized using a thematic analysis. All the documents were codified, and we hold periodic meetings to review the existing codes, as well as discussing the inclusion of new codes. RESULTS: Group 1 refers to a more theoretical conception of PS. Group 2 expresses more concrete and operative dimensions. Group 3 indicates that PS is embodied in particular personal experiences. Groups 1 and 3 have more than one notion of social participation in health. CONCLUSIONS: An institutional conception of participation prevails transversally, rooted since the 1990s. At the community level, the narratives take the form of collective practices lived around the improvement of the quality of community life mediated by the level of execution.

["We eat in this way because ". Understanding eating behaviors of Chilean women of low socioeconomic status]. / "Comemos así porque ". Entendiendo las conductas alimentarias de mujeres chilenas de bajos recursos.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men, especially in those of lower socioeconomic status. It is established that this group tends to have a less healthy diet. AIM: To explore the eating behaviors of low-income Chilean women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with photo-elicitation were conducted with 31 Chilean women aged 36 ± 6 years, who lived with a partner and had at least one sibling under 12 years of age. The interviews were transcribed and an inductive analysis of the participants' discourses was made. RESULTS: Seven themes were described in relation to their influence on three eating behaviors (food purchase, preparation and intake): Family, preferences, temporality, financial issues, special occasions, perceptions about food, and availability of food. The family exerted a strong influence on the behaviors and had an impact on the other themes encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Eating behaviors were influenced by several factors, both at the personal and environment levels. These factors interacted with each other to produce different forms of behavior modulation. It is therefore problematic to promote healthy eating behaviors while not considering all the influences on this behavior.

"Comemos así porque… ". Entendiendo las conductas alimentarias de mujeres chilenas de bajos recursos / "We eat in this way because… ". Understanding eating behaviors of Chilean women of low socioeconomic status

Background: The prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men, especially in those of lower socioeconomic status. It is established that this group tends to have a less healthy diet. Aim: To explore the eating behaviors of low-income Chilean women. Material and Methods: Semi-structured interviews with photo-elicitation were conducted with 31 Chilean women aged 36 ± 6 years, who lived with a partner and had at least one sibling under 12 years of age. The interviews were transcribed and an inductive analysis of the participants' discourses was made. Results: Seven themes were described in relation to their influence on three eating behaviors (food purchase, preparation and intake): Family, preferences, temporality, financial issues, special occasions, perceptions about food, and availability of food. The family exerted a strong influence on the behaviors and had an impact on the other themes encountered. Conclusions: Eating behaviors were influenced by several factors, both at the personal and environment levels. These factors interacted with each other to produce different forms of behavior modulation. It is therefore problematic to promote healthy eating behaviors while not considering all the influences on this behavior.